| #103470 | |||||||||||||||
| ALBINISM, OCULAR, WITH SENSORINEURAL DEAFNESS | |||||||||||||||
| Alternative titles; symbols | |||||||||||||||
| WAARDENBURG SYNDROME, TYPE 2, WITH OCULAR ALBINISM, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE; WS2-OA | |||||||||||||||
| Phenotype Gene Relationships | |||||||||||||||
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| Phenotypic Series | |||||||||||||||
| Clinical Synopsis | |||||||||||||||
| TEXT | |||||||||||||||
| A number sign (#) is used with this entry because of evidence that the disorder may be the result of digenic inheritance of a mutation in the transcription factor gene MITF (156845.0005) and in a gene that it regulates, that for tyrosinase (TYR; 606933.0009). | |||||||||||||||
| Clinical Features | |||||||||||||||
| Lewis (1978) found 7 affected males and 5 affected females in 3 consecutive generations of a Caucasian kindred. As in the X-linked Nettleship-Falls form of ocular albinism (300500), the patients showed reduced visual acuity, photophobia, nystagmus, translucent irides, strabismus, hypermetropic refractive errors, and albinotic fundus with foveal hypoplasia. The skin lesions showed macromelanosomes as in X-linked ocular albinism. Deafness, which was accompanied by vestibular hypofunction, lentigines even in unexposed areas, optic nerve dysplasia, and dominant inheritance distinguished this form of ocular albinism. (In the LEOPARD syndrome (151100) vestibular function is normal.) Bard (1978) described a kindred that was atypical of Waardenburg syndrome (see 193510) in several ways. Although the nasal root was prominent, one affected person had dystopia of the inner canthi or lower puncta. The face in some showed striking freckling of pale skin. Symptomatic vestibular disturbance was another unusual feature. Lewis (1989) expressed the opinion that the family reported by Bard (1978) as an instance of Waardenburg syndrome in fact had this disorder. Lewis (1989) had also been told of 2 other small families with the syndrome. Goldberg (1966) described a Waardenburg syndrome family with apparent ocular albinism. Morell et al. (1997) presented an update of the clinical findings in the family of Bard (1978). The deafness was sensorineural and congenital. Heterochromia iridis was a prominent feature in 1 sibship in which both segmental iris bicolor and complete heterochromia occurred. Most of the affected individuals showed transillumination defects of the iris. Hypopigmentation of the fundus was mild in some, moderate in others, and severe in yet others. Almost all affected individuals had strabismus and visual acuity defects. One individual with a prominent white forelock, characteristic of Waardenburg syndrome, was pictured. | |||||||||||||||
| Molecular Genetics | |||||||||||||||
| Studying the family reported by Bard (1978), Morell et al. (1997) demonstrated apparent digenic inheritance resulting from a combination of heterozygosity for a 1-bp deletion in exon 8 of the MITF gene (156845.0005) and homozygosity or heterozygosity for the R402Q polymorphism of the tyrosinase gene (TYR; 606933.0009), a functionally significant polymorphism that is associated with moderately reduced tyrosinase catalytic activity, and also heterozygous for the 1-bp deletion in MITF. Morell et al. (1997) proposed that the WS2-OA phenotype results from digenic interaction between a gene for a transcription factor, MITF, and a gene that it regulates, TYR. | |||||||||||||||
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