Phenotypes associated with the disease Morimoto-Ryu-Malicdan neuromuscular syndrome (OMIM:621010):
- Encephalopathy (HP:0001298): Encephalopathy is a term that means brain disease, damage, or malfunction. In general, encephalopathy is manifested by an altered mental state. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Decreased body weight (HP:0004325): Abnormally low body weight. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 4/4. (PMID:39106866)
- Elevated circulating creatine kinase activity (HP:0003236): The activity of creatine kinase in the blood circulation is above the upper limit of normal. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Hearing impairment (HP:0000365): A decreased magnitude of the sensory perception of sound. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 2/5. (PMID:39106866)
- Strabismus (HP:0000486): A misalignment of the eyes so that the visual axes deviate from bifoveal fixation. The classification of strabismus may be based on a number of features including the relative position of the eyes, whether the deviation is latent or manifest, intermittent or constant, concomitant or otherwise and according to the age of onset and the relevance of any associated refractive error. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Aminoaciduria (HP:0003355): An increased concentration of an amino acid in the urine. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Short stature (HP:0004322): A height below that which is expected according to age and gender norms. Although there is no universally accepted definition of short stature, many refer to "short stature" as height more than 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender (or below the 3rd percentile for age and gender dependent norms). Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 5/9. (PMID:39106866)
- Dystonia (HP:0001332): An abnormally increased muscular tone that causes fixed abnormal postures. There is a slow, intermittent twisting motion that leads to exaggerated turning and posture of the extremities and trunk. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Myopathy (HP:0003198): A disorder of muscle unrelated to impairment of innervation or neuromuscular junction. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 8/8. (PMID:39106866)
- Infantile onset (HP:0003593): Onset of signs or symptoms of disease between 28 days to one year of life. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 3/9. (PMID:39106866)
- Generalized hypotonia (HP:0001290): Generalized muscular hypotonia (abnormally low muscle tone). Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Cataract (HP:0000518): A cataract is an opacity or clouding that develops in the crystalline lens of the eye or in its capsule. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Nystagmus (HP:0000639): Rhythmic, involuntary oscillations of one or both eyes related to abnormality in fixation, conjugate gaze, or vestibular mechanisms. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/9. (PMID:39106866)
- Shock (HP:0031273): The state in which profound and widespread reduction of effective tissue perfusion leads first to reversible, and then if prolonged, to irreversible cellular injury. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Muscle weakness (HP:0001324): Reduced strength of muscles. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 2/2. (PMID:39106866)
- Metatarsus adductus (HP:0001840): The metatarsals are deviated medially (tibially), that is, the bones in the front half of the foot bend or turn in toward the body. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Neonatal onset (HP:0003623): Onset of signs or symptoms of disease within the first 28 days of life. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 3/9. (PMID:39106866)
- Incoordination (HP:0002311): A deficit in coordination of muscle movements. Coordination is defined as the orchestrated movement of multiple body parts as required to accomplish intended actions, like walking. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 2/3. (PMID:39106866)
- Microcephaly (HP:0000252): Head circumference below 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 3/7. (PMID:39106866)
- Diplopia (HP:0000651): Diplopia is a condition in which a single object is perceived as two images, it is also known as double vision. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Gynecomastia (HP:0000771): Abnormal development of large mammary glands in males resulting in breast enlargement. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Babinski sign (HP:0003487): Upturning of the big toe (and sometimes fanning of the other toes) in response to stimulation of the sole of the foot. If the Babinski sign is present it can indicate damage to the corticospinal tract. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Hypoventilation (HP:0002791): A reduction in the amount of air transported into the pulmonary alveoli by breathing, leading to hypercapnia (increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide). Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody positivity (HP:0025379): The presence of autoantibodies (immunoglobulins) in the serum that react against thyroid peroxidase. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Tube feeding (HP:0033454): Feeding problem necessitating food and nutrient delivery via a tube. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Sensorineural hearing impairment (HP:0000407): A type of hearing impairment in one or both ears related to an abnormal functionality of the cochlear nerve. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Autosomal recessive inheritance (HP:0000007): A mode of inheritance that is observed for traits related to a gene encoded on one of the autosomes (i.e., the human chromosomes 1-22) in which a trait manifests in individuals with two pathogenic alleles, either homozygotes (two copies of the same mutant allele) or compound heterozygotes (whereby each copy of a gene has a distinct mutant allele). Evidence: PCS. (PMID:39106866)
- Sensory neuropathy (HP:0000763): Peripheral neuropathy affecting the sensory nerves. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Tremor (HP:0001337): An unintentional, oscillating to-and-fro muscle movement about a joint axis. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Cachexia (HP:0004326): Severe weight loss, wasting of muscle, loss of appetite, and general debility related to a chronic disease. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Hepatic failure (HP:0001399). Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Dysmetria (HP:0001310): A type of ataxia characterized by the inability to carry out movements with the correct range and motion across the plane of more than one joint related to incorrect estimation of the distances required for targeted movements. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Cerebellar atrophy (HP:0001272): Cerebellar atrophy is defined as a cerebellum with initially normal structures, in a posterior fossa with normal size, which displays enlarged fissures (interfolial spaces) in comparison to the foliae secondary to loss of tissue. Cerebellar atrophy implies irreversible loss of tissue and result from an ongoing progressive disease until a final stage is reached or a single injury, e.g. an intoxication or infectious event. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 4/9. (PMID:39106866)
- Scapular winging (HP:0003691): Abnormal protrusion of the scapula away from the surface of the back. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Saccadic smooth pursuit interruptions (HP:0001152): An abnormality of tracking eye movements in which smooth pursuit is interrupted by an abnormally high number of saccadic movements. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/9. (PMID:39106866)
- Bilateral coxa valga (HP:0010665): The presence of bilateral coxa valga. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Limb muscle weakness (HP:0003690): Reduced strength and weakness of the muscles of the arms and legs. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Intention tremor (HP:0002080): A type of kinetic tremor that occurs during target directed movement is called intention tremor. That is, an oscillatory cerebellar ataxia that tends to be absent when the limbs are inactive and during the first part of voluntary movement but worsening as the movement continues and greater precision is required (e.g., in touching a target such as the patient's nose or a physician's finger). Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/9. (PMID:39106866)
- Angulated muscle fibers (HP:0034045): Normal muscle fibers are polygonal-shaped in cross section, are multinucleated, and have minimal amounts of endomysial connective tissue. In contrast, angulated (also known as angular) muscle fibers have long and narrow vertices (corners) with sharp edges and a pointed tip. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Hypoglycemia (HP:0001943): A decreased concentration of glucose in the blood. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 0/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Frequent falls (HP:0002359). Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Hemiparesis (HP:0001269): Loss of strength in the arm, leg, and sometimes face on one side of the body. Hemiplegia refers to a complete loss of strength, whereas hemiparesis refers to an incomplete loss of strength. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Dysphagia (HP:0002015): Difficulty in swallowing. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Hypokinesia (HP:0002375): Abnormally diminished motor activity. In contrast to paralysis, hypokinesia is not characterized by a lack of motor strength, but rather by a poverty of movement. The typical habitual movements (e.g., folding the arms, crossing the legs) are reduced in frequency. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Status epilepticus (HP:0002133): Status epilepticus is a type of prolonged seizure resulting either from the failure of the mechanisms responsible for seizure termination or from the initiation of mechanisms which lead to abnormally prolonged seizures (after time point t1). It is a condition that can have long-term consequences (after time point t2), including neuronal death, neuronal injury, and alteration of neuronal networks, depending on the type and duration of seizures. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Bilateral sensorineural hearing impairment (HP:0008619): A form of sensorineural hearing impairment that affects both ears. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 3/3. (PMID:39106866)
- Delayed speech and language development (HP:0000750): A degree of language development that is significantly below the norm for a child of a specified age. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 2/2. (PMID:39106866)
- Scoliosis (HP:0002650): The presence of an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Gait disturbance (HP:0001288): The term gait disturbance can refer to any disruption of the ability to walk. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 4/4. (PMID:39106866)
- Vomiting (HP:0002013): Forceful ejection of the contents of the stomach through the mouth by means of a series of involuntary spasmic contractions. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Secondary microcephaly (HP:0005484): Head circumference which falls below 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender because of insufficient head growth after birth. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Dyspnea (HP:0002094): Difficult or labored breathing. Dyspnea is a subjective feeling only the patient can rate, e.g., on a Borg scale. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 2/6. (PMID:39106866)
- Restrictive ventilatory defect (HP:0002091): A functional defect characterized by reduced total lung capacity (TLC) not associated with abnormalities of expiratory airflow or airway resistance. Spirometrically, a restrictive defect is defined as FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in 1 second) and FVC (forced vital capacity) less than 80 per cent. Restrictive lung disease may be caused by alterations in lung parenchyma or because of a disease of the pleura, chest wall, or neuromuscular apparatus. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 3/6. (PMID:39106866)
- Elevated circulating C-reactive protein concentration (HP:0011227): The concentration of C-reactive protein in the blood circulation is above the upper limit of normal. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Peripheral neuropathy (HP:0009830): Peripheral neuropathy is a general term for any disorder of the peripheral nervous system. The main clinical features used to classify peripheral neuropathy are distribution, type (mainly demyelinating versus mainly axonal), duration, and course. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 2/2. (PMID:39106866)
- Poor gross motor coordination (HP:0007015): An abnormality of the ability (skills) to perform a precise movement of large muscles with the intent to perform a specific act. Gross motor skills are required to mediate movements of the arms, legs, and other large body parts. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 6/7. (PMID:39106866)
- Falls (HP:0002527). Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 2/2. (PMID:39106866)
- Mitochondrial myopathy (HP:0003737): A type of myopathy associated with mitochondrial disease and characterized by findings on biopsy such as ragged red muscle fibers. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Seizure (HP:0001250): A seizure is an intermittent abnormality of nervous system physiology characterized by a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 0/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Elevated circulating alkaline phosphatase concentration (HP:0003155): Abnormally increased serum levels of alkaline phosphatase activity. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Hypotonia (HP:0001252): Hypotonia is an abnormally low muscle tone (the amount of tension or resistance to movement in a muscle). Even when relaxed, muscles have a continuous and passive partial contraction which provides some resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia thus manifests as diminished resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia is not the same as muscle weakness, although the two conditions can co-exist. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 5/8. (PMID:39106866)
- Ataxia (HP:0001251): Ataxia refers to impaired coordination of voluntary muscle movement. Cerebellar ataxia refers to ataxia due to dysfunction of the cerebellum. This causes a variety of elementary neurological deficits including asynergy (lack of coordination between muscles, limbs and joints), dysmetria (lack of ability to judge distances that can lead to under- or overshoot in grasping movements), and dysdiadochokinesia (inability to perform rapid movements requiring antagonizing muscle groups to be switched on and off repeatedly). Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 2/7. (PMID:39106866)
- Dyslexia (HP:0010522): A learning disorder characterized primarily by difficulties in learning to read and spell. Dyslectic children also exhibit a tendency to read words from right to left and to confuse letters such as b and d whose orientation is important for their identification. Children with dyslexia appear to be impaired in phonemic skills (the ability to associate visual symbols with the sounds they represent). Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Increased endomysial connective tissue (HP:0100297): An increased volume of the endomysium, which is a connective tissue sheath that surrounds each muscle fiber. Together, bundles of muscle fibers form a fasciculus, surrounded by another layer of connective tissue called the perimysium. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Childhood onset (HP:0011463): Onset of disease at the age of between 1 and 5 years. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 2/9. (PMID:39106866)
- Bowing of the legs (HP:0002979): A bending or abnormal curvature affecting a long bone of the leg. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Tachycardia (HP:0001649): A rapid heartrate that exceeds the range of the normal resting heartrate for age. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Delayed ability to sit (HP:0025336): A failure to achieve the ability to sit at an appropriate developmental stage. Most children sit with support at 6 months of age and sit steadily without support at 9 months of age. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Skeletal muscle atrophy (HP:0003202): The presence of skeletal muscular atrophy (which is also known as amyotrophy). Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Obstructive sleep apnea (HP:0002870): Obstructive Sleep Apnea is a condition characterized by the obstruction of the airway and pauses in breathing during sleep, which occur multiple times throughout the night. It is related to the relaxation of muscle tone that typically happens during sleep, leading to a partial collapse of the soft tissues in the airway and causing airflow obstruction. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Dysarthria (HP:0001260): Dysarthric speech is a general description referring to a neurological speech disorder characterized by poor articulation. Depending on the involved neurological structures, dysarthria may be further classified as spastic, flaccid, ataxic, hyperkinetic and hypokinetic, or mixed. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 5/5. (PMID:39106866)
- Global developmental delay (HP:0001263): A delay in the achievement of motor or mental milestones in the domains of development of a child, including motor skills, speech and language, cognitive skills, and social and emotional skills. This term should only be used to describe children younger than five years of age. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Progressive cerebellar ataxia (HP:0002073). Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Delayed gross motor development (HP:0002194): A type of motor delay characterized by a delay in acquiring the ability to control the large muscles of the body for walking, running, sitting, and crawling. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 5/8. (PMID:39106866)
- Bilateral single transverse palmar creases (HP:0007598): The distal and proximal transverse palmar creases are merged into a single transverse palmar crease on both hands. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Respiratory insufficiency due to muscle weakness (HP:0002747). Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 6/8. (PMID:39106866)
- Cardiorespiratory arrest (HP:0006543). Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Cyanosis (HP:0000961): Bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosa due to poor circulation or inadequate oxygenation of arterial or capillary blood. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Focal-onset seizure (HP:0007359): A focal-onset seizure is a type of seizure originating within networks limited to one hemisphere. They may be discretely localized or more widely distributed, and may originate in subcortical structures. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Nemaline bodies (HP:0003798): Nemaline rods are abnormal bodies that can occur in skeletal muscle fibers. The rods can be observed on histological analysis of muscle biopsy tissue or upon electron microscopy, where they appear either as extensions of sarcomeric Z-lines, in random array without obvious attachment to Z-lines (often in areas devoid of sarcomeres) or in large clusters localized at the sarcolemma or intermyofibrillar spaces. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Increased variability in muscle fiber diameter (HP:0003557): An abnormally high degree of muscle fiber size variation. This phenotypic feature can be observed upon muscle biopsy. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 2/2. (PMID:39106866)
- Vertigo (HP:0002321): An abnormal sensation of spinning while the body is actually stationary. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Orthopnea (HP:0012764): A sensation of breathlessness in the recumbent position, relieved by sitting or standing. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Unusual bronchiolitis (HP:0011950): Increased susceptibility to bronchiolitis (inflammation of the bronchioles) as manifested by recurrent or severe epsiodes of bronchiolitis. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Abnormal circulating creatine kinase activity (HP:0040081): Any deviation from the normal activity of creatine kinase in the blood circulation. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 0/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Failure to thrive (HP:0001508): Failure to thrive (FTT) refers to a child whose physical growth is substantially below the norm. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 4/4. (PMID:39106866)
- Ventricular septal defect (HP:0001629): A hole between the two bottom chambers (ventricles) of the heart. The defect is centered around the most superior aspect of the ventricular septum. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Osteopenia (HP:0000938): Osteopenia is a term to define bone density that is not normal but also not as low as osteoporosis. By definition from the World Health Organization osteopenia is defined by bone densitometry as a T score -1 to -2.5. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Aspiration (HP:0002835): Inspiration of a foreign object into the airway. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 2/2. (PMID:39106866)
- Type 1 muscle fiber predominance (HP:0003803): An abnormal predominance of type I muscle fibers (in general, this feature can only be observed on muscle biopsy). Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Late young adult onset (HP:0025710): Onset of disease at an age of greater than or equal to 25 to under 40 years. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/9. (PMID:39106866)
- Lactic acidosis (HP:0003128): An abnormal buildup of lactic acid in the body, leading to acidification of the blood and other bodily fluids. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Cerebral atrophy (HP:0002059): Atrophy (wasting, decrease in size of cells or tissue) affecting the cerebrum. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 2/9. (PMID:39106866)
- Craniosynostosis (HP:0001363): Craniosynostosis refers to the premature closure of the cranial sutures. Primary craniosynostosis refers to the closure of one or more sutures due to abnormalities in skull development, and secondary craniosynostosis results from failure of brain growth. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Talipes equinovarus (HP:0001762): Talipes equinovarus (also called clubfoot) typically has four main components: inversion and adduction of the forefoot; inversion of the heel and hindfoot; equinus (limitation of extension) of the ankle and subtalar joint; and internal rotation of the leg. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Pes cavus (HP:0001761): An increase in height of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot that does not flatten on weight bearing (i.e., a distinctly hollow form of the sole of the foot when it is bearing weight). Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Persistent head lag (HP:0032988): The Premie-Neuro and the Dubowitz Neurological Examination score head lag in the same manner. Scoring for both is as follows: 0 = head drops and stays back, 1 = tries to lift head but drops it back, 2 = able to lift head slightly, 3 = lifts head in line with body, and 4 = head in front of body. This term applies if head lag persists beyond an expected age at a level of 0 or 1. Persistent head lag beyond age 4 mo has been linked to poor outcomes. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 2/2. (PMID:39106866)
- Psychosis (HP:0000709): A condition characterized by changes in personality and thought patterns, often accompanied by hallucinations and delusional beliefs, is known as psychosis. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Diaphragmatic weakness (HP:0009113): A decrease in the strength of the diaphragm. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 5/9. (PMID:39106866)
- Hypertension (HP:0000822): The presence of chronic increased pressure in the systemic arterial system. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Congestive heart failure (HP:0001635): The presence of an abnormality of cardiac function that is responsible for the failure of the heart to pump blood at a rate that is commensurate with the needs of the tissues or a state in which abnormally elevated filling pressures are required for the heart to do so. Heart failure is frequently related to a defect in myocardial contraction. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 2/2. (PMID:39106866)
- Hypothyroidism (HP:0000821): Deficiency of thyroid hormone. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Cardiomyopathy (HP:0001638): A myocardial disorder in which the heart muscle is structurally and functionally abnormal, in the absence of coronary artery disease, hypertension, valvular disease and congenital heart disease sufficient to cause the observed myocardial abnormality. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Tip-toe gait (HP:0030051): An abnormal gait pattern characterized by the failure of the heel to contact the floor at the onset of stance during gait. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Intrauterine growth retardation (HP:0001511): An abnormal restriction of fetal growth with fetal weight below the tenth percentile for gestational age. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 2/2. (PMID:39106866)
- Obesity (HP:0001513): Accumulation of substantial excess body fat. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)
- Myopia (HP:0000545): An abnormality of refraction characterized by the ability to see objects nearby clearly, while objects in the distance appear blurry. Evidence: PCS. Frequency: 1/1. (PMID:39106866)